Author Interests: Cultural Events that impact American History & 21st Century Christianity
by Dr. Toby K. Easley Since last weekend, law abiding Citizens of the United States watched in horror as evil played out before our very eyes in Las Vegas. Many families lives were changed forever as their loved ones were snatched out of this world by the ungodly act of a gunman who shot round after round until police arrived at his room. Since the tragic events unfolded, most freedom loving Americans knew exactly what the rhetoric and psychological angle of attack from politicians and gun control advocates would quickly take. First, in recent years, events like this immediately turn political. In other words, instead of focusing on this act being a problem of the individual heart that carried out the scene, the main question is what do we blame? Naturally, since the act was carried out with firearms, the guns unfortunately get blamed. This approach did not develop over night, but has developed as our society has turned over our human heart solutions to political policy and modern psychology. One of the trends that have taken root over many previous decades has been the popular thought pattern in psychology to find something or someone else to blame. This philosophical and psychological approach is consistently observed in many of the popular television series such as Criminal Minds and others. In most of the segments, the focus on the criminal mind is finding a past reason to blame for his or her psychological behavior. Naturally, most of the segments pinpoint a bad experience with religion, family, violence etc. Although bad experiences are an unfortunate aspect of life, what solutions to the human heart can psychological evaluation and blame actually resolve? These questions and answers will obviously be a source of conflict between theologians and psychologists throughout the remainder of human history. Naturally, as a Christian, my background and education is in theology. Consequently, I believe pinpointing the problem and evaluating acts of evil should not focus solely on the objects used, but the problem in the heart of the perpetrator. Furthermore, because we live in a society that either keeps at arms length Biblical truth and many completely reject it, the obvious is clear. Refusing to talk about sin and repentance forces the conversation to revolve around the previously bad experiences of deranged individuals and the objects they use in acts of violence. This psychological and modern political approach causes a cyclical argument that excludes the Biblical ideas every time events like this happen in our society. Consequently, having pushed out the Bible and the spiritual problems of the human heart, the idea of even discussing sin in the heart is labeled as antiquated and irrelevant. In this most recent tragedy in Las Vegas, the finger pointing has once again been directed at guns and trying to figure out some kind of psychological, political, and racial reason. However, when you look at the solution of blaming the objects used in the acts of violence, the logic used can be rather ludicrous. For example, because trucks have been used to run over people by terrorists in Europe, should we ban all trucks? Since criminals have used knives, crossbows, tire tools, bats, clubs, and other objects to kill people, should we remove all of these objects from society? Obviously for many logical and practical reasons the answer from most Americans is “no.” Wisely, the National Rifle Association today released a statement saying, "Banning guns from law-abiding Americans based on the criminal act of a madman will do nothing to prevent future attacks." However, the NRA statement did suggest a review by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE), to see if bump stocks comply with federal law. Formerly they were approved by (BATFE) under the Obama administration. The shoulder bump action on these devices causes the finger to rapid fire upon impact, giving the rifle fire the resemblance of a machine gun. The NRA is not compromising on guns and realizes that if you give politicians "an inch" on gun control, they will gladly "take a mile." The question then perhaps is, why are guns such a hot topic when these types of tragedies occur? I believe the answer revolves around the political and psychological objectives of those who want to continually hammer away at the 2nd Amendment rights of all Americans. The thought process is first of all reflected from the caricature spawned from the modern psychological blame game. As previously discussed in this blog, the secularists abandoned the Biblical ideas of sin, repentance, redemption, and God’s forgiveness through Christ decades ago. Therefore, the whole argument in their minds revolves within prisms of secular psychology, political ideology, and a human centered thought process, minus God and the Bible. The bottom line after looking at all of these different angles is to look at the places in the U.S.A. that have tried to restrict guns among law abiding citizens. The overwhelming evidence in places like Chicago and Washington D.C., is that criminals in those cities continue to get guns illegally, while law abiding citizens are left like sheep among wolves. The ongoing effort to disarm law abiding citizens in the U.S.A. is nothing but an effort to strip more freedoms from the people in “the land of the free and the home of the brave.” Can you imagine what would happen tomorrow, if all of the thugs, thieves, and criminals knew that law abiding Americans no longer had guns for protection? I certainly do, and I think we would mirror Europe with her citizens vulnerable and unarmed. Forget the threat of a “Trojan Horse,” when politicians in broad daylight open our borders and doors to those who hate Americans and Christians alike. The twenty-first century political mindset of “open borders” and a “gun grab” is the recipe for disaster and the downfall of this great Republic that we call the United States of America! The Founding Fathers knew the Bible and the looming human threats to their young Republic. The vigilance of an armed society they believed would help protect against foreign invasion and losing freedom from tyranny within. They understood and we should too, that whether the threat comes from within or from without, the Bible makes it clear that the human “heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked” (Jeremiah 17:9). Too much power in the hands of a despot King or a corrupt political system, can detriment a free people as they had experienced firsthand from the American Revolution. Finally, may we as Christians when analyzing the current trends in politics, psychology, and polemics, continually proclaim that Biblical truth supersedes the “wisdom of this world,” and that Jesus is still the answer for human hearts in the world today (I Corinthians 3:18-19)! No gun has a mind of its own to fire shots, but hate within sinful human hearts can give fingers the capability to pull the trigger and murder. The Biblical evidence is in regarding the heart and the verdict is clear, why keep sending it to trial? The 2nd Amendment is in our U.S. Constitution and twenty-first century America should stop playing The Political Psychology of Blame, and draw near to Jesus, “The Name which is above every name” (Philippians 2:9-10), and ask Him to comfort the families who lost loved ones in Las Vegas! ~TKE~
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Author Interests: Current trends impacting History & Education
by Dr. Toby K. Easley I remember my days in elementary school and middle school very well during the 1970’s. I still recall watching the news on our black and white TV screen in 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first man to step on the moon. I also have fond memories of participating in our annual Patriotic play at my Elementary school. Our teachers, many of them nearing retirement had lived through the World War II years and as Christians they loved their God, country, and students. We also had a wonderful African American Physical Education teacher who eventually retired after working over forty years in the Public Schools. When the School Principal spoke how he would be missed she said, “You are the true meaning of a gentleman.” Today, forty years after finishing the sixth grade, people are still accurately describing his character and demeanor. I suppose many of you reading this blog may be asking the same questions that I have been pondering lately. What happened to the Patriotic nation we grew up in four decades ago? Although our nation was not perfect, as we well know in the sixties and seventies, we must all pause and ask ourselves if we are willing to idly stand by while many try and erase our history? I personally have always been a student of history. Having earned three degrees beyond high school, I would have more than likely pursued an advanced degree in history if the Lord had not chosen a different route for me in Theology and Homiletics. Due to my love of history, I took a specific course in High School on the Civil War. The war was intriguing and very interesting to study all of the generals on both sides of the struggle. After completing the course taught by a patriotic Vietnam Veteran, I understood the key figures, geography, battles, the triumphant and the defeated. I understood that I lived in the United States of America not the Confederate States of America. I also understood that many of the men who fought for the Confederacy did so with conviction in their hearts. I chose to disagree with their views on slavery but also realized many of them were raised in a nineteenth-century culture and held high views of God and country. I understood when I examined their strengths and weaknesses politically and philosophically; I could not reach back into their century and wave a wand and change who they were. I also understood that I could not be held accountable for their actions because I was not there to either agree or disagree with the war and slavery. However, I could study their lives and learn how to avoid the mistakes they made. In other words, erasing that segment of our history and destroying monuments of antiquity will never solve anger in the hearts of those who carry bitterness forward in perpetuity. I firmly believe that only the gospel and a true love of Jesus Christ will bring about lasting racial reconciliation in America. Please allow me to digress back to the 1970’s once again. As I grew up around Patriotic teachers who were Christians and a solid Christian home, my parents taught me to love and respect others from a Biblical perspective regardless of race. They taught us that if we “love the Lord your God with all your heart,” a better relationship with society would also result. In other words, when I arrived at my first day of Kindergarten over four decades ago, I knew my parents expected me to grant the same respect daily to my female teacher who was white, and my male teacher who was black. Therefore, how have we digressed so far into much of the chaos that we are witnessing today? Since this is a blog and not a book, I will have to give a brief overview and you the reader can decide if you agree or disagree. Here are five of the major influences as to why I believe many are trying to erase our history. First, there was the effort to remove God from schools and society. Second, there has been a diminishing role the Church plays in the lives of American families. Third, we have seen the deception and impact of the political correctness movement in recent decades. Fourth, over a period of time there has been the daily saturation of technology and negative news constantly before us. Fifth, there has been the ongoing practice of bitterness rather than forgiveness and reconciliation. Beginning with the first influence, during the twentieth century, the Supreme Court in America began making decisions that I believe affected the future of education. When the Ten Commandments and prayer were no longer permitted in the classroom and we began to take away the educational influences of Christianity upon the secular mind, the ripple effects were inevitable. Before these court decisions, a child who was never given any Biblical instructions at home, could at least get some Biblical morals and ethics taught to them at school. With several Supreme Court decisions, many Godly influences were slowly but surely stripped away. Furthermore, during the same era of the 1970’s, most of my classmates were taken to church by their parents at least once a week on Sunday. Although many denominations were represented, I recall talking about Church with my friends and their families. When I visited in their homes and they in mine, our parents all prayed before meals to acknowledge God for our food, health, and supply. All of our families made it a practice to consistently eat together, pray together, and worship together. Biblical principals, morals, and ethics played a role in all of our lives. I still recall the saying I learned as a lad, “families that pray together stay together.” Before the turn of the twenty-first century, the news headlines slowly but surely revealed how American culture was continuing to decay. After I graduated from High School, many schools across the country removed strict discipline from teachers and administrators hands. In many instances, students no longer were required to respect their parents or their teachers. Authorities intimidated parents with jail time who disciplined their children, and teachers were threatened with lawsuits. These developments all paved the way for the radical political correctness movement that was picking up steam. I remember hearing the words of Ronald Reagan’s adopted son as he sadly said, “what used to be right in America is now wrong, and what used to be wrong is now right.” Consequently, the political correctness movement persistently used the platform of race to gain attention. Ultimately, many continued to believe the true agenda behind the movement has been to dramatically change the education, morals, traditions, and the ethics taught in the Biblical worldview. Once we were well into the twenty-first century, social media and technology were well established in American life. The political correctness movement used the platform to push their agenda and eventually it seemed the secularists were winning the day. Also, when Barack Obama won the presidency for eight years, many conservatives believe race relations in America continually diminished. His administration on many fronts pushed legislation and supported organizations that stirred up the past bitterness of race relations and moral issues such as homosexual marriage and transgender bathrooms. At this point, many believed America had completely abandoned our Biblical, moral, and historical stability altogether. Even though many preachers spoke out about these issues, it seemed that the voices of many historians were too intimidated to speak out regarding bitter trends and erasing our history and past. Consequently, what numerous scholars had called “revisionist history” all of a sudden began to radicalize into the “erasure of history.” I among others observed as many so called credible historians seemed to join the political correctness movement rather than oppose it. By the time 2016 rolled around the vitriol in American society regarding race and moral issues had reached a crisis point politically, spiritually, and culturally. During the 2016 Presidential election we witnessed what may have been the most bitterly fought political battle in our history. The rules of engagement became an all out brawl and Donald Trump finally emerged to the amazement of the opposing party, the forty-fifth President of the United States. Since becoming President, the rhetoric and violence from those who lost the election continues to rage and forgiveness and reconciliation have disappeared from the agenda. Unfortunately, the new strategy of the vanquished is to stir up more strife by destroying historical monuments and trying to erase from memory entities from the War Between the States. Although not one African American living today was born into slavery and the vast majority of white Americans living all vehemently disagree with the past institution of slavery, the subject continues to be used as a political platform. Therefore, is there hope of racial reconciliation and forgiveness in America? I say not as long as the bitter continue to dwell and live in a non-reality type nineteenth-century past, and at the same time trying to erase what happened from history. It seems oxymoronic to continually bring to the publics mind what happened in history when at the same time chiseling away by destroying historical monuments. We must also continue to pose the question, after they remove the monuments what will be next on their list? Will it be Churches, Bibles, and guns? I say they will want to remove all of the above and that is why we must stand up and say enough is enough! Over the past several decades, we as Americans have seen what has happened in Europe. If we as American Christians want a better future, now is the time to stand for our faith, families, and the right of our posterity to examine history, not erase it. The future is ours to either have a right to speak about what happened in history or eventually lose that right with a forced cut and paste approach that leaves huge gaps. If this cut and paste approach is allowed to continue through our apathy, they will have been successful in Cutting Gaps For A Neo-American History that will become the clear mandate for historical education in America. ~TKE~
Author Interests: Hiking Guadalupe Peak In West Texas
by Dr. Toby K. Easley I have always loved the mountains. When most people think of Texas, they do not envision naturally mountainous terrain. But think again, because out in the far western reaches near the southern New Mexico state line is the Guadalupe Mountains National Park. If you have never made plans to visit the park, you will most likely never stumble across this mountainous range. Perhaps the most famous and recognizable sight near Guadalupe Peak is the stunning El Capitan Mountain on the southern end of the range. From certain vantage points in the park, El Capitan seems to rise taller than the others, but it is an illusion. The illusion is laid to rest when one summits Guadalupe Peak and peers down on El Capitan’s curvatured top. However, anyone desiring to see the “Top of Texas” on their quest for Guadalupe Peak will need a map or GPS to finally lay eyes on the silver pyramid that rests at an elevation of 8,749 ft. My first discovery of the Guadalupe Peak came in 1998 during a search through encyclopedic information on the highest peaks in various states. Eighteen years later my curiosity was piqued again while reading a 2016 article about a group of hikers who summited the peak. In early September of 2016, my wife and I had recently experienced the beauty of Big Bend National Park, and in the following weeks we started planning our own hike to the top of Guadalupe Peak. Our journey began on September 16, 2016 when my wife and I loaded our supplies and tent and headed west out of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The drive takes over seven hours and we decided to stay on I-20 all the way to Pecos, Texas. From Pecos we headed north on Highway 285 and then west on Texas Ranch Road 652. One should be prepared for a rougher ride on 652 and expect dust and traffic from oil field trucks during the day. Texas Ranch Road 652 curves around and comes to a T at the intersection of Highway 180. The junction of 652 and 180 is approximately 14 miles south of Guadalupe Mountains National Park. A large sign marks the entry to the park on Highway 180, which reads, “Guadalupe Mountains National Park, United States, Department of the Interior, National Park Service.” This sign on the north end of the park is the place we stopped to photograph our arrival. The speed limit also slows to 55 mph, which Park Rangers enforce, so slow down upon your arrival! Our first order of business was to locate the Pine Springs Visitor Center and pay the $10 entry fee. The signs clearly mark the location and we made one more stop at the attractive entry sign and snapped a few more pictures. After parking, we soaked in some of the beautiful desert landscape and ascending mountains behind the visitor center. The building at Pine Springs is noticeably smaller than Big Bend’s Panther Junction but has an educational nature center with numerous flora and fauna displays from the area. In September of 2016, the Park Service also added a small bookstore that offers postcards, books, and souvenirs. After waiting on a Park Ranger to explain some details of the site to other travelers, we began asking questions about the campground and trailhead to Guadalupe Peak. In addition to the entry fee, he informed us about the $10 hiking fee. The tent and RV fees are very reasonable at $8 a night, and both offer restrooms with scenic views. The tent area restrooms have no running water, but the RV site nearby has both running water and flushing toilets. There is no water or electric hookups in the RV or tent camping areas, and it is first come, first serve on all sites. After paying the entry fee and hiking fee, we were additionally required to display both ticket stubs on the dashboard of our vehicle. Once we paid all of our fees, we sought out our tent site. We looked around at several in the open area and settled on site #8, with a picnic table nestled under a mountain Juniper tree. We set up our tent, inflated our mattress, and decided to explore some trails for the late afternoon. There were also a few brief questions we forgot to ask, so we returned to the Park Ranger to get answers. Entering for the second time we asked, “How much water should we pack tomorrow?” With a serious stare, the Ranger said, “Two gallons!” Although this was higher than we anticipated, we took his advice seriously. After asking several questions about McKittrick Canyon, we made our way to the car. As we drove toward the visitor center exit, we agreed we would spend an hour in McKittrick Canyon’s Nature Loop. The Ranger warned us that the entrance gate to McKittrick was closed at 6 p.m. Therefore, we needed to leave the station in the canyon at least fifteen minutes before the top of the hour to reach the gate. McKittrick Canyon is a popular destination for those seeking the beautiful fall foliage in October. A stunning hiking trail winds up to Pratt Cabin, a popular destination with park visitors. Since 6 p.m. was quickly approaching, we chose to take off on the Nature Loop that sharply rises upward from the canyon parking lot. We examined the diversity of plants and cactus as we meandered along the trail, always on the lookout for rattlesnakes. Our adventurous tendencies tempted us to walk further into the Nature Loop, but we turned back to give ourselves time to read a few identification signs for plants and trees and then were out the exit with five minutes to spare. With an hour remaining until darkness began to set in, we decided to drive south on the highway and take a closer look at El Capitan and Guadalupe Peak. Staring at the peaks we both felt anxiety and excitement over the next morning’s adventure. We eventually made a U-turn and headed back to the Pine Springs campground for supper and bed. With a daunting climb the next day, we both needed a good night’s rest. First light on Saturday broke at 6:30 a.m., and we started loading our backpack items from the detailed checklist. Breakfast was also a priority, since many of the strenuous trails were listed as “severe.” Sunscreen in the mountains was also critical, due to the forecast of clear blue skies and sunshine. We double checked all of our gear and backpacks and headed to the trailhead to take a selfie in front of the sign. The spectacular weather and possibilities of the day were enough to prompt spontaneous smiles as we snapped the picture and turned to the trail. Our strategy for the climb was a paced steady hike. The trail sign we came across read, “TRAILS - GUAD. PEAK HIKER ONLY ↑..... ← EL CAPITAN..... HORSE/HIKER ->..... DEVIL’S HALL ->.” Making sure we were orienting ourselves in the right direction, we continued straight ahead up the mountain. Our adrenaline rose as steeply as the first switchback trails we ascended. Looking down on the RV parking lot and our car, the rise in elevation was self-evident and the views were sublime. Approximately thirty minutes into the hike, we made our first stop for water and a brief respite. A young couple came up behind us and eventually passed by us. Before they moved up the trail, they paused and the four of us reflected for a few minutes about our trips out west and the routes we had all driven from the Metroplex. Moving on again, we took our time to soak in the views and snap plenty of pictures. We started our day looking up at the mountain to our north but as we hiked upward, a parallel perspective of its peak emerged with the rising elevation. The yellow and blue blooms on the desert landscape blended with the different shades of brown and green that had been the backdrop of our hike so far. Approximately a mile into the hike, we came to a turn that placed us on the west side of the mountain with much larger trees appearing. After a few more switchbacks we turned right on the trail and viewed the mountain to the north once again. The gorgeous view encircled us, as the trees were not dense enough to block out visibility. Once again we took time to hydrate and visit with a young man hiking alone. He shared that he had previously been to the top of Guadalupe Peak and we still had several hours remaining till the summit. Despite the arduous hike behind us and the apparent nearness of the peak ahead, we were still three hours from the “Top of Texas.” Weeks before making the trip we had watched numerous YouTube videos to familiarize ourselves with the trail. We knew we had to be getting close to the short bridge nestled next to a cliff connecting the trails over a steep drop off. Once we were over the bridge, we discovered a short trail leading up to a lookout area. We made our way up over the ridge to take in some breathtaking views to the south. For the first time on the trail we could see portions of El Capitan. We returned to the main trail and adapted to a much narrower portion of the trail with a wall of stone to our right and a cliff to our left. About a hundred yards ahead was a wide bend where we would rest for several minutes. We asked some of the people returning from the top, the length of time it would take from our location to the summit? The answer was forty-five minutes to an hour. Approximately forty-five minutes later we were told we were fifteen minutes away from reaching our goal. Hikers warned us to “be careful because the last fifteen minutes you will be on rocks and climbing in narrow spaces.” Their words were not what we wanted to hear at the time, but we were determined to buckle down mentally and reach the spot where the silver pyramid rests. Five minutes later we came to a place where the trail seemed to reach a dead end. Some rocks blocked the trail along with a cliff to our right. If I had taken a moment to climb over the rocks, I would have seen the trail continuing on toward the peak. Instead we climbed up over a steep narrow place above us that had a small trail. As we climbed, we noticed another narrow trail leading left down to the main trail. Finally back on the main trail, we realized we should have gone over the place that gave the semblance of a dead end. After a deep sigh, we were relieved to see people standing on the top. Our detour had unnecessarily taken us up and over a dangerous area that should have been avoided. Now that we were back on the main trail we patiently paused to weigh our options. To finally make our final ascent, there were two alternatives: The main trail offered a short walk up to the pinnacle on the left side or we could try the straight up approach by climbing the rocks to the summit. My wife took the left trail and, due to my anxiousness, I practically ran up the jagged rocks on the right to plant my feet on the top. Victory at last! I saw the silver pyramid monument we envisioned the night before. Atop the peak we took in the views to the north, south, east, and west. The feeling of what we had just accomplished was exhilarating, and the wind was surprisingly calm on the summit. We noticed a young family with two daughters who we had spoken to on our ascent. We asked if they wanted us to take their picture? They said yes and then offered to take a picture of us. After taking a panoramic picture, we moved to the northern edge of the mountain to sit on some rocks and eat our lunch. “What a view,” I told my wife; she smiled and agreed. She was born in Texas and after raising four children she had reached the “Top of Texas,” her beloved home state. Our climb to the top took five hours and now we had to refocus and make our way back down the mountain. Our trek down the mountain took a total of four hours and our legs and feet became sore and fatigued. We continued to hydrate properly and stayed alert in the dangerous areas. We made numerous rest stops and took time to photograph beautiful scenery we had overlooked on our way up the mountain. About thirty minutes before reaching the trailhead and parking lot, a thunderstorm rolled in on top of the mountain. We quickened our pace, knowing that the rocks would be slippery in the rain. We were also concerned about the threat of lightning. Our fears were laid to rest as only a few sprinkles reached us at the base of the mountain. About one hundred yards before reaching the trailhead, we looked to the southeast to see a beautiful rainbow stretching from the ground upward toward the north. We also took our last drink of water from the second gallon of water, gave each other a kiss and a high five, and made our way to the car. With a weary voice, my wife mused, “This experience has to be in our top five things we have done together in the last thirty-two years.” I smiled and naturally agreed with my resilient Texas sweetheart that we should have made our quest for the Texas peak many years earlier. ~TKE~ Book Review: The Open Organization: by Dr. Toby K. Easley, March, 15, 2017 Jim Whitehurst, CEO, Red Hat, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance, (Harvard Business Review Press, June 2, 2015, ISBN 978-1625275271, 256).  The author of The Open Organization, Jim Whitehurst, CEO, earned his undergraduate degree from Rice University and attended Harvard Business School. He worked for the Boston Consulting Group and was also the COO, of Delta Airlines. He is presently the CEO, of Red Hat based in Raleigh, North Carolina. In 2015, when his book was published by Viking Press, Red Hat boasted of going from $400 million in revenue, to more than $1.5 billion, with a stock price that had “quadrupled” (157).
In the beginning of his book, Whitehurst does not waste any time giving the reader his definition of The Open Organization. In his own words he wrote, “An ‘Open Organization’ – which I define as an organization that engages participative communities both inside and out – responds to opportunities more quickly, has access to resources and talent outside the organization, and inspires, motivates, and empowers people at all levels to act with accountability” (2). In the same paragraph he also explains what he perceives as the inherent strengths of The Open Organization. According to Whitehurst, “the beauty of an open organization is not that it is about pedaling harder, but about tapping into new sources of power both inside and outside to keep pace with all the fast-moving changes in your environment” (2). In other words, accessing employees knowledge and outside sources is one key to utilizing the strengths of superior ideas and solutions in order to make rapid progress. In his own words he believes, “In the open source world, we believe the best ideas should win, no matter where they come from” (151). However, within the company he claims “Respect has to be earned. It’s not about a title” (104). He makes this statement because he believes people perform better who are passionate about what they are trying to accomplish. If people are working only to please the CEO, according to Whitehurst, they “will give you the minimum effort” (104). In fact, “earning a reputation” takes time within the company as a new hire, and ideas win out through what he calls a “meritocracy.” Furthermore, he states that “to become a leader in a meritocracy, you need to attract followers first, not the other way around, as is typical in most conventional organization structures. Your peers actually have to select you as their leader based on how effective they think you are, not just because you have a more impressive title or résumé” (91). The key differences according to Whitehurst in companies are what he defines as the “Conventional organization” that is, “cascading down” from the CEO down. The other is the “open organization” that he prefers and is “bubbling up” (20). The “Conventional” is described as beginning at the top with “what, how, and why.” The command and control does the central planning at the “what” level, setting direction.” Others who have “title and rank” participate in the hierarchical “getting things done” at the “why” level. Finally, when others in the company get the message from above, their motivation and inspiration comes from a desire for “promotion and pay” at the “why” level (20). The “Open Organization” that is “Bubbling Up,” begins at the bottom “motivating, igniting passion, and building engagement” in the “why” phase. The next movement upward, “getting things done” involves the “Meritocracy” and also “Letting the sparks fly” in the “how” phase. At the top is “Setting Direction” and “Catalyzing inclusive decision making” in the “What” top phase (20). The idea behind the “Bubbling Up” is in Whitehurst’s mind to “Empower your rock stars to follow their passions” (97). This underlies the philosophy that the best ideas will win out at the end of the day based on the merit of the idea, not your position (151). The “Open Organization” is also not afraid of internal debate. Whitehurst openly admits that, “I love to stir up a good debate and sometimes think of myself as Red Hat’s head debater” (110). However, the debate environment is guided by four values. These values are freedom, courage, commitment, and accountability (111). Freedom however is not let completely loose to meander out of control. Freedom is kept in check by “accountability” which in Whitehurst’s own words involves “each other, to our partners and customers, and to our shareholders” (112). Nevertheless, these four elements can at times involve human emotions and hurt feelings, which is why the author admits there “is not a perfect system” (120). Furthermore, the “Open Organization” is not “a democracy” either “where everyone has an equal vote” (145). When final decisions have to be made, the Red Hat leaders from the top down must still make decisions. However, what ultimately distinguishes Red Hat’s philosophy from top down companies is the process of how final decisions are made. All of these explained processes, philosophies, and decisions made by Red Hat serve a broader purpose to meet the high expectations of their customers. Whitehurst admits that, “Red Hat has become a larger part of our customers’ IT infrastructure, and as they begin to use more of our products, they expect us to understand their businesses.” He goes on to explain that our customers “expect us to offer solutions to their problems, not just offer ‘great technology’” (170). This also explains another motto of Red Hat that says, “Release early, Release often” (151). This motto is not intended to communicate a haphazard philosophy, it is just another way to explain the urgency and passion of the “open source way.” In their mission statement, Whitehurst tells the reader to “judge for yourself” the words behind the “mission statement” (152). “To be the catalyst in communities of customers, contributors, and partners creating better technology the open source way” (152). Having a definitive “mission statement” that clearly communicates, he adamantly states, “I would also wager that most, if not all, Red Hatters could cite it by heart” (152). In the conclusion of the book, Whitehurst adequately informs readers what Red Hat does for customers that also interests investors. “We generate our revenues by making open source software consumable and safe for enterprises to adopt” (201). He also explains that Red Hat provides their customers with “services they pay for on a subscription basis.” Furthermore, they are efficient for their customers by not having any “built in incentives to deliver software to customers that they don’t want or need,” and at the same time making billions of dollars “selling free software” (201-202). He also shares his thoughts on what he perceives as a “key turning point in Red Hat history” (200). According to Whitehurst, a “key turning point” came when a team from within the company “came up with the idea to completely shift focus from the desktop to the enterprise server” (200). Even since the publication of his book in 2015, new developments in “cloud” technology continue to create the need for change and adjustments in the “Open Organization.” In conclusion, The Open Organization is intriguing and interesting. For many perhaps, the philosophy is too far removed from the “top down” traditional model. However, for those who seek to feel and experience passion and incentives in their work environment, this is an appealing company. For those who have been unhappy and stuck in an organization or company that is resistant to any change, The Open Organization is stimulating. Perhaps one can assume in part, that one of the reasons Red Hat has been so successful in recent years, is due to the appealing draw of employees who enjoy working in an “open,” creative, and passionate environment. The Red Hat workplace and philosophy could potentially also satisfy an entrepreneur type who would otherwise be unhappy working for a large company. By drawing potential employees with drive, passion, courage, and vision, Red Hat has created a company on the cutting edge. One must also not forget the company has continued to perpetuate many jobs for people with superior technological skills, but also people with sales ability and problem solving capabilities. Having already proven to have a successful history within the technological world the company is continually moving forward at warp speed. Due to their business philosophy, Red Hat has the capability to keep pace with rapid progress and to also remain on the leading edge of future development. Jim Whitehursts’ book, The Open Organization Igniting Passion And Performance, is motivating, interesting, informative, thought provoking, and worthy of recommendation, especially for those who have a fascination toward a creative, entrepreneurial type thought process, and incentive based company. ~TKE~ Book Review: Edwards the Exegete: by Dr. Toby K. Easley, March 7, 2017 Douglas A. Sweeney, Edwards the Exegete: Biblical Interpretation and Anglo-Protestant Culture on the Edge of the Enlightenment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. ISBN: 978-0199793228, 408).  In his book, Edwards The Exegete, Doug Sweeney does not assume that everyone reading his book will have a historical grasp of the eighteenth-century context in which Edwards lived. Wisely, he gives a reminder that Edwards lived in a time and age much removed from our twenty-first century world. On the other hand, Sweeney does not hesitate to give his own twenty-first century historical perspective on several hot button issues. For a moment, he seems to lay aside his own reminder of Edwards’s far removed eighteenth-century world, and proceeds to fast forward Edwards into a twenty-first century cultural context, describing his “sin” in relation to slavery. Sweeney expresses a brief polemic without throwing the “baby out with the bathwater,” wisely realizing that erasing historical data is not the answer either. However, he leaves no doubt from his own perspective, that the eighteenth-century Jonathan Edwards had his own flaws and shortcomings like any man. Consequently, the reader is left with no uncertainty where Sweeney presently stands on past misdeeds to humanity, while also perceiving his progressive snippet regarding the authorship of the Biblical book of Hebrews. As Sweeney analyzes Edwards’s view of Scripture he claims, “he weighed the historicity of much of Sacred Scripture and held traditional opinions on the provenance of its books.” He also made very clear that Edwards believed in the veracity of Scripture and the Holy Spirit deliberately harmonized the truths of Scripture for our understanding. In other words, in Sweeney’s estimation, “He rarely worked as a splitter when it came to sacred Scripture, almost always as a joiner.” In the first chapter on the Canon, Sweeney summed it up quite accurately. “For Edwards…every single text of Scripture was to be read first and foremost in relation to the Canon.” Those who have read Edwards extensively over a span of years will more than likely agree with his conclusion on Edwards and the Canon. Transitioning to how Edwards saw the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, Sweeney acknowledges that Edwards wrote, preached, and did things with the Bible that only a person with his knowledge and scholarly ability could explain. Nevertheless, he also points out that few Old Testament scholars in our day have patience for what “Edwards did with Genesis 14 and the Levites.” On an important note however, he pointed out two very important items. First, the “Bible is the epistle of Christ that he has written to us.” Second, one of the beauties of the Bible is the spiritual harmony and how the Scriptures point to Jesus Christ “from every part of Sacred Scripture.” This central idea according to Sweeney goes back to the Protestant Reformers who also viewed Christ as the “scopus der zweek, or the bulls eye of the Bible, a belief that turned problematic only with the decline of Protestant orthodoxy.” The chapter on Edwards and the Canticles (Song of Solomon) is also very informative and interesting. Sweeney points out that Edwards was in agreement with many of his commentaries explaining that he “read Canticles as an emblem, or the spirit; of the love between the Lord and His elect.” Due to the sexual imagery in Song of Solomon, Sweeney points to a quote from Murray who wrote about Edwards’s willingness to dive into the sexually explicit expressions of the book. “Regarding Canticles – Murray said, ‘Despite the caricature of Edwards as an otherworldly recluse, his senses were attuned to both bodily and spiritual enjoyments.’” However, at the end of the day for Edwards, all of these relational human images were simply types of the antitype, which is Christ. In this writer’s opinion, the chapter on Edwards’s eschatology is at the top of the list among favorites. As with any academic work, there are a few places in Sweeney’s book the reader must trudge through. Nevertheless, the rewards of knowledge attained, is worth trudging beyond those points throughout the entire book. Edwards’s eschatological perspectives can be fascinating and at times seemingly contradictory. Once again the reader must make a mental note of the eighteenth-century context in which Edwards lived. News travelled at the pace of a horse and a ship. Furthermore, Israel as a nation was still dispersed among the nations and many were far removed from their homeland. The American Revolution was several decades in the future and visions of a unified protestant America brought on images of the peaceful Millennium. This explains why at times Edwards’s eschatology takes off in numerous directions, trying to find meaning in the events of his time. Sweeney also identifies the positive hope and reflection of Edwards’s words, “I think if we consider the circumstances of the settlement of New England, it must needs appear the most likely of all American colonies, to be the place whence this work shall principally take its rise.” Edwards did as Sweeney claims; think, “A golden age would come before the Lord returned.” However, he is also correct in saying that some of Edwards’s ideas seems to be like “pre-millennialists” and is difficult to “pigeon hole in late modern terms.” Sweeney however points to the genuineness of Edwards’s tenacity to mine Biblical truth, with a great span of the testimony of time behind him and much more remaining before him. Sweeney’s ultimate summation of Edwards’s eschatological framework is excellent. “Edwards did hold it together. His Bible absorbed the world, to borrow a phrase from George Lindbeck, Hans Frei, and their students. ‘The world of the text gave meaning to the world outside the text’ quoting Frances Young again. Secular knowledge really never was his basic frame of reference. The Bible and its teachings were, for him, the most basic.” Naturally, those who have read the many sermons of Jonathan Edwards, usually come to realize that many books could be written on Edwards’s exegetical approaches. Sweeney tackles several of the key areas of Edwards’s exegesis and competently explains to readers from primary sources, the reasons for his arguments and explanations. Sweeney’s purpose in the book is not to dive into the precise rhetorical methods of Edwards. Nevertheless, he does wrap up the material eloquently in the end where one may discover some of his most exhilarating sentences. “This simple Missionary herald was the real Jonathan Edwards, the heart of whose theology was biblical exegesis. Though a literary artist, meta-physical theologian, moral prophet, college teacher, nature lover, and civic leader, he was primarily a minister of the Word.”~TKE~ |
Dr. Toby EasleyBLOGS on various Christian, academic, business, historical, cultural, and hobby interests of the author.
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